Cancer in Young People Aged 0-14 Years Canada Report
- Calvin Liew
- Apr 17, 2022
- 5 min read
Updated: Aug 22, 2022
By: Calvin Liew
Introduction:
Each year in Canada, about 1000 Canadian children are diagnosed with cancer, and 110 deaths are caused by cancer. In this data report, some data visualizations depict the demographics, locations, and other factors of people aged 0-14 diagnosed with cancer from 2001-2006. Some questions in this report include what factors may be significant in children's cancer cases, who may be at higher risk for pediatric cancers, which cancer types have a higher rate of relapse, and which cancer types have a higher 5 year survival proportions. The data can conclude that the majority of cancer cases are predominantly children of white ethnicity (71.80%) and that the province of Ontario has the majority of youth cancer diagnoses. Data can also conclude that bone tumors have the highest chance of relapse within 5 years (24.90%) and neuroblastoma has the highest percentage of cases with metastasis. The latter part of the report details specific data sets retrieved, other visualizations of data, analysis, and conclusions.
Methods:
The data visualized is from the comma separated value files data sets that the Government of Canada published from the Enhanced Childhood Cancer Surveillance System in 2017. The software used to visualize said data is Tableau. Many visualizations include bar graphs and pie charts about the demographics of those diagnosed and other data, treemaps displaying the number of childhood cancer diagnoses compared to each major province or group of provinces of Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Atlantic, British Columbia, Northern Territories, and Prairies) and others.
Results:
Background of Patients:
Canadian children aged 1-4 made up 36% of Canadian children who were diagnosed with Cancer from 2001-2006. Children aged 10-14 and 5-9 made up 27.80% and 26.70% of diagnosed cases respectively. Children aged less than 1 made up 9.50%.
The majority ethnicity of Canadian children who were diagnosed with cancer were of white background at 71.80% of diagnoses. Asians, making up the second biggest cohort for diagnoses at 10.30%.
Comparing the number of diagnoses by gender reveals that males made up 54.8% of cases while females made up 42.8%.
Majority of cases were diagnosed in Ontario at 41.10%. Quebec came up with the second most cases at 23%. The prairies (Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba) with third most diagnoses at 16.90%.
Number of Malignancies in Patients:
5,105 of cancer cases were of single malignancies. Only 20 of them were double malignancies.
ASIR and Expected Cases of Cancer Per 1,000,000:
After analyzing the data, it is comprehensible that leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic disease have the highest ASIR for both genders. 43.90 cases per 1 million for females and 53 cases per 1 million for males. Lymphoid leukemias had the second highest cases per 1 million for both genders with 34.30 for females and 44.20 for males. CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms (cancer in the nervous system) is third for highest ASIR with 33.30 cases per million for females and 38 cases per million for males.
Children under 1 years old:
For children aged under 1, the highest rate of cancer is neuroblastoma and other peripheral nervous cell tumors at 69.40 cases per 1 million children. Other rates of cancers for children aged under 1 are shown in this visualization.
Children 1-4 years old:
For children that are 1-4 years old, the highest rates of cancer are leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic disease at 92.50 cases per 1 million children. Other rates of cancers for children aged under 1 are shown in this visualization.
Children 5-9 years old:
For children that are 1-4 years old, the highest rates of cancer are leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic disease at 39.80 cases per 1 million people. Other rates of cancers for children aged under 1 are shown in this visualization.
Children 10-14 years old:
For children that are 10-14 years old, the highest rate of cancer is CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms at 27.20 cases per 1 million children. Other rates of cancers for children aged under 1 are shown in this visualization.
Cancer cases per 1 million youth in Canada and Provinces:
Here are some visualizations that display the expected cases of cancer per 1 million people or SIR for Canada and each province. For most provinces, it is leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases and myelodysplastic disease, CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms, and lymphomas and reticuloendothelial neoplasms that have the highest expected cases per million.
Canada
Ontario
British Columbia
Prairie Provinces
Quebec
Initial Treatment Plans:
Here is a visualization of the percentage of treatment plans per cancer type. For leukemia, the majority of treatments are registered on a clinical trial that the Research Ethics Board approved (49.7%). However, for other cancers such as hepatic tumors, malignant bone tumors and renal tumors, the majority of treatments are only following a trial protocol and not registered with the Research Ethics Board. CNS tumors and soft tissue sarcomas have the majority of treatments
that aren’t regeriested on a clinical trial by the Research Ethics Board nor following a trial protocol. Overall, 33.10% of all cancer treatments are Research Ethics Board approved, 36.60% being on a trial protocol unregistered, and 30.30% being other than those two.
5 Year Survival Proportions:
The 3 cancer types with the highest 5 year survival rates are thyroid carcinomas (100%), retinoblastoma (97%), and hodgkin lymphomas (96.30%). On the other end, Ewing tumors (59.50%), myelodysplastic syndrome (54.50%), intracranial and intraspinal embryonal tumors (52.80%) have one of the lowest 5 year survival rates.
Percentage of Cases With Metastasis
By Age and Gender:
Comparing ages and genders, 29.40% of cases for male patients aged 1-4 years have metastasis present. 29.20% of cases for male patients aged 5-9 years old have metastasis present and 27.20% of cases for male patients aged 10-14 have metastasis. For females, 27.20% of cases for those aged 10 to 14, 24.50% of those aged 1-4, and 23.20% of those aged less than 1 have metastasis.
By cancer type:
51.20% of neural blastoma, 38.30% of carcinoma, and 36.40% of lymphomas are metastatic. These are the cancer types with the highest percentage of becoming metastatic.
Cancer Relapses Within 5 Years of Diagnosis
By Age and Gender:
Males 5-9, females aged 10-14 and females aged 5-9, are likely to suffer relapses within 5 years of diagnosis.16.8% of males aged 5-9, 15.5% of females aged 10-14, and 15.4% of females aged 5-9% suffered relapses within 5 years.
By cancer type:
Bone tumors (24.90%), soft tissue sarcomas (20.40%), and neuroblastoma (16.40%) have the highest chance of relapse within 5 years of first diagnosis.
Conclusions:
These results are significant because they are important to understand the risks, demographics treatments, and survival proportions of various cancers and can lead to further cancer research to decrease cancer cases and increase cancer survivability.
References
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